what was the trip from africa to the new world called?
The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the largest long-distance forced movement of people in recorded history. From the sixteenth to the late nineteenth centuries, over twelve one thousand thousand (some estimates run as high as xv million) African men, women, and children were enslaved, transported to the Americas, and bought and sold primarily past European and Euro-American slaveholders as chattel holding used for their labor and skills.
The trans-Atlantic slave trade occurred inside a broader arrangement of trade between Due west and Central Africa, Western Europe, and Northward and South America. In African ports, European traders exchanged metals, textile, chaplet, guns, and ammunition for captive Africans brought to the declension from the African interior, primarily by African traders. Many captives died but during the long overland journeys from the interior to the coast. European traders so held the enslaved Africans who survived in fortified slave castles such as Elmina in the central region (now Republic of ghana), Goree Island (now in present day Senegal), and Bunce Isle (at present in nowadays solar day Sierra Leone), before forcing them into ships for the Middle Passage across the Atlantic Ocean.
Scholars guess that from 10 to nineteen pct of the millions of Africans forced into the Middle Passage beyond the Atlantic died due to rough conditions on slave ships. Those who arrived at various ports in the Americas were and then sold in public auctions or smaller trading venues to plantation owners, merchants, small farmers, prosperous tradesmen, and other slave traders. These traders could and so send slaves many miles further to sell on other Caribbean islands or into the N or South American interior. Predominantly European slaveholders purchased enslaved Africans to provide labor that included domestic service and artisanal trades. The majority, however, provided agricultural labor and skills to produce plantation cash crops for national and international markets. Slaveholders used profits from these exports to expand their landholdings and purchase more than enslaved Africans, perpetuating the trans-Atlantic slave trade cycle for centuries, until various European countries and new American nations officially ceased their participation in the trade in the nineteenth century (though illegal trans-Atlantic slave trading connected even later national and colonial governments issued legal bans).
ESTABLISHING THE TRADE
In the fifteenth century, Portugal became the first European nation to have significant role in African slave trading. The Portuguese primarily acquired slaves for labor on Atlantic African isle plantations, and later on for plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean, though they besides sent a small number to Europe. Initially, Portuguese explorers attempted to larn African labor through direct raids forth the coast, simply they establish that these attacks were costly and often ineffective against West and Primal African military strategies.
For example, in 1444, Portuguese marauders arrived in Senegal ready to attack and capture Africans using armor, swords, and deep-sea vessels. But the Portuguese discovered that the Senegalese out-maneuvered their ships using low-cal, shallow water vessels better suited to the estuaries of the Senegalese coast. In addition, the Senegalese fought with poisonous substance arrows that slipped through their armor and decimated the Portuguese soldiers. Later, Portuguese traders mostly abandoned directly gainsay and established commercial relations with West and Primal African leaders, who agreed to sell slaves taken from various African wars or domestic trading, as well every bit golden and other commodities, in substitution for European and Northward African appurtenances.
Over fourth dimension, the Portuguese developed additional slave trade partnerships with African leaders forth the Westward and Central African coast and claimed a monopoly over these relationships, which initially limited admission to the trade for other western European competitors. Despite Portuguese claims, African leaders enforced their ain local laws and customs in negotiating trade relations. Many welcomed additional merchandise with Europeans from other nations.
When Portuguese, and later their European competitors, found that peaceful commercial relations alone did not generate enough enslaved Africans to fill the growing demands of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, they formed armed forces alliances with certain African groups against their enemies. This encouraged more extensive warfare to produce captives for trading. While European-backed Africans had their own political or economic reasons for fighting with other African enemies, the end result for Europeans traders in these armed forces alliances was greater admission to enslaved war captives. To a lesser extent, Europeans also pursued African colonization to secure admission to slaves and other goods. For example, the Portuguese colonized portions of Angola in 1571 with the help of military alliances from Kongo, but were pushed out in 1591 by their quondam allies. Throughout this early period, African leaders and European competitors ultimately prevented these attempts at African colonization from becoming as extensive as in the Americas.
The Portuguese dominated the early trans-Atlantic slave merchandise on the African declension in the sixteenth century. Every bit a result, other European nations get-go gained access to enslaved Africans through privateering during wars with the Portuguese,rather than through directly trade. When English, Dutch, or French privateers captured Portuguese ships during Atlantic maritime conflicts, they often found enslaved Africans on these ships, every bit well as Atlantic trade goods, and they sent these captives to work in their ain colonies.
In this way, privateering generated a market interest in the trans-Atlantic slave trade across European colonies in the Americas. Later Portugal temporarily united with Spain in 1580, the Spanish broke upward the Portuguese slave trade monopoly by offer straight slave trading contracts to other European merchants. Known as theasiento organisation, the Dutch took advantage of these contracts to compete with the Portuguese and Spanish for direct access to African slave trading, and the British and French somewhen followed. By the eighteenth century, when the trans-Atlantic slave trade reached its trafficking peak, the British (followed past the French and Portuguese) had go the largest carriers of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic. The overwhelming majority of enslaved Africans went to plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean area, and a smaller percent went to North America and other parts of S and Central America.
Source: https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/trans_atlantic_slave_trade
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